Columbo/Gatto

To begin reading with Columbo, gaining an understanding what thinking critically does consist of, helps me "try" to see the perspectives in which Gatto shared in his article. Columbo provided for me, a better understanding to how critical thinking has different aspects. He provides his basic definition on what critical thinking is and the basis from which he believes it is derived. I must say that reading him first gave me the insight on how to deal with authors like Gatto, with patience and an open mind. Culturally, as Columbo mentions, I would definitely say that my opinions and perspectives on how I see education, in particular, public education, as a necessity and a path, an opinion based on how I was raised and see things. Growing up in an inner city and moving to a rural area, I see the differences in education and how even an individuals attitude towards teaching differs.
I believe my childhood experiences are reasons for my passion in the subject. I think Gatto was bored enough to compose this silly article. While it is his opinion and it seems the article was well written, I feel his personal experiences and crummy career played a role on his biased opinion on what public education is really trying to do. I don't see public education as factories. No one cares, and I will speak for myself, about how he got screwed while he was on leave. He referenced a lot of his work on authors and educators from other universities. I disagree that our system is like Prussia. Once again, I am completely impassive about how many activities or jobs James Bryant Conan had and his negativity in general to education. I just don't like this guy.

Gatto/Freire Reading Response

As I read Gatto and Freire and their opinions on education, I began to re-evaluate my experiences as a student in the public school system. I came to the conclusion that while I have had to develop in a sub-par school in need of renovation and an update to the faculty-student relationships, I have not had the experience that Gatto or Freire predicted. My teachers were, for the most part, willing to teach in a method not unlike the Socratic Method of asking and answering questions. I would often speak during these sessions and our class would not always come to any one conclusion and we would have to compromise on a solution together (unlike Freire's belief that all conclusions to a class lecture and their meanings are determined by the teacher).
I think that this is because Oregon attracts a more dedicated group of teachers from all over the country due to the higher standards that Oregon sets for a teaching degree. Because of their dedication too teaching, they might approach an issue in a variety of ways in order to help the students understand and question the information that the teachers are providing, including the discussion of the material by the students. Because of this, we don't have to worry about the quality of our education in Oregon as much as in other states; we only have to worry about how dedicated we are to leartning.

Ryan C.

Muriels Reading Response

Reading Response:

In Paulo Freiere's Pedagogy of the Oppressed he continually bring up the comparison between "problem posing education" and " banking education". Banking education is the simple act of a teacher mindlessly feeding her students facts she believes to be relevant. The information is then stored by the student simply to be regurgitated at a later time, while they never really understand why the answer is what it is.

On the other end of the spectrum problem posing education encourages students to really think about the why instead of simply the what. Education should be full of questions, experiences, and inspiration. Problem posing education allows that and changes the student teacher relationship to where both parties are equally learning from each other. Theoretically the student should be able to arise just as many thought provoking questions within the teacher as the teacher does the student.

I personally agree with most of Freier's thoughts on education throughout this article. Within all the articles we have read, and even some of the classes i have attended my first week of college, it seems they are really pushing the idea of critical thinking as appose to the generic way of learning. It is obvious critically thinking students will be quite successful in school while enjoying the process of learning.

Gatto

Kelly Dickens

“He told me that I was never to use that term in his presence again, that if I was bored it was my fault and no one else’s. The obligation to amuse and instruct myself was entirely my own, and people who didn’t know that were childish people, to be avoided if possible.” -Gatto
This spoke to me because it’s the plain and simple truth. People of all ages rely far too much on modern technology to be entertained, instead of being outdoors having adventures and exploring, we sit around watching T.V., playing video games, talking on the phone etc. And, when these things fail us, what do we do? Complain of boredom. I’ve done this many times as I’m sure everybody has. I agree with Gatto when he says we need to learn to manage ourselves and be challenged. There are so many things out there that can help us grow and expand our horizons, but, for whatever reasons, we choose to ignore this or simply never discover it.
One thing I don’t agree with Gatto about is that all public schooling is bad. Without school, how would we have made it to college? People wouldn’t know how to read, write, or do math. And what then? If, by some miracle, someone came up with a better way of getting an education, I’d be all for getting rid of public schooling. But, until then, it’s probably not a good idea to keep children out of school.

Ironic would be the first word that came to mind when reading Colombo’s Critical Thinking, Challenging Cultural Myths. Ironic, because here I was sitting in a a seemingly traditional classroom, being assigned a reading that encouraged me to challenge traditional thinking. I enjoyed the article right away because it opened up with a sentence I immediately could relate too; “beginning college can be a disconcerting experience.” Sure enough, I had some disconcertion going on.

I particularly liked what Colombo had to say about myth and culture. I’ve always viewed culture as something rich and distinctly unique to humanity, but I never thought of it as having negative connotations, as well. Colombo stated that through culture, comes rigid customs that take a true critical thinker to break and question why those customs are the way they are.

It is within our traditional education system that we learn to obey these myths and customs and are rarely challenged to question them. This takes me strait to Gatto. The soul of Gatto’s argument is that our education system is full of flaws. it’s boring, ridged, and and encourages mediocracy. Friere shared similar views and even went as far as to say that oppression in our schools is caused by the love of death and destruction, rather then creation.

The key points of these three articles run parallel. The connections between them are blatant and obvious, and Colombo, Gatto, and Friere share very similar views. As for buffalo gals, however, the connection did not come quickly. To be honest, it didn’t really come at all. Though, I did connect it to our discussion about what separates humans from the rest of the animal kingdom. We made assumptions that we are the only species capable of language and deep emotions, but it could be that we’re just looking at it form a different perspective. Just like how gal saw coyote as a person, and horse saw gal as a colt. It all depended on perspective, and our perspective could be completely off. Buffalo gals was humbling in that way, and even though I didn't find a direct way to connect it to the other readings, Buffalo gals did spark a lot of critical thinking

3 readings

In reading Columbo, Friere and Gotto I came to the conclusion that education is the most important thing that you can do for any other human being. I don't want any one to end up like me goin back to school at my age. Going to one dead end job to another not know what I want to be when I grow up. It is embarrassing to know that our country is 15th. in math and science in the world and 11th. in reading. Even though I heard that on the "Steven Colbert" show which is a syterical, comedy news show in gives real news stories with a comedic twist. I dont think any thing is wrong with memorizing facts. I will email my original writing to you which gets to the point better.

Definition of nature:
I wanted to look in the dictionary or on line to give the "official" definition , then mine however dictionary.com was rather lengthy so I choose the ones which most agree with my personal definition so first we'll go with dictionary.com.
1. the material world, esp, asa surrounding humankind and existing independently of human activivtes.
2. The natural world as it iexixts without human benngs. As mountains trees etc.
3. A primitave, wild, condition; an uncultivated state.
4. The original, natural, uncivilized condition of humakind.
Definition of human.
1.or or pertaining to characters of or having the nature of people.
2.Consisting of peopole: the human race.
3.Of or pertaining to the soccial aspect of people: human affairs.
These are the ones from the dictionary which most fit my dedinition. My point and most likiley the point of the instructor is that the 2 words are intertwined and can hardly be descrived or defined as one without defining them together and using "human" in describing "nature" to describe "human"

Reading response by Molly Hilken

“Do we really need school? I don’t mean education, just forced schooling: six classes a day, five days a week, nine months a year, for twelve years. Is this deadly routine really necessary? And if so what for? Don’t hide behind reading, writing, and arithmetic as a rational, because 2 million happy homeschoolers have surely put that banal justification to rest.” –Gatto

I agree with Gatto in the aspect that we need an education and maybe the school system as it is today isn’t quite as necessary as we are raised to believe. I feel as though high school would have been more beneficial to me if I had gotten educated through experience rather then “schooled” by sitting at a desk all day, five days a week. But at the same time reading, writing and basic arithmetic are vital skills that we need to learn somewhere, if not in a structured schooling system then where? While homeschooling, as Gatto mentioned, provides children with an education outside of the typical structured learning setting it does not teach them the valuable social skills that children learn by having social contact on a daily basis in a classroom. These social skills are absolutely necessary for life as adults. While these home schooled children benefit from learning independence and creative thinking , some of them may lack being properly socialized.

Human/Nature RR

Reading Response: Colombo, Freire, and Gatto Down With the Public Education
It's very apparent when reading the articles by Colombo, Freire, and Gatto that they share a very strong opinion on the public education system in America. Colombo, Freire, and Gatto see the public education system as this tyrant that wants to take over the creative individual, abolish all critical thinking from the youth, and create the perfect consumer for America. In many ways I agree with what Colombo, Freire, and Gatto have to say about the public education system, it's taking away the passion and inspiration that is supposed to go with learning, but going as far as to say that the public education system is like “banking” and that our minds are nothing but capsules that are being filled with pointless information that all “average” and “general” people that need to be ruled by society should know seems extreme. We might be forced by law to stay in school for a certain amount of time and be forced to take certain classes in that time period, but many people continue on in that same heartless public education system and take something great away from it. If it wasn't for the public education system we would all be left to find a way to pay for expensive private schooling or be taught by our parents, and in no disrespect, but the times and exceptions of education are changing and many parents nowadays can't keep up with the rigorous learning that we are now entailed to have, just as a basic knowledge. So yes, maybe public education takes things away, but if the student really wants to know and learn they will take it upon themselves to make it happen and learn much more from it then just having it shoved in their “capsule” by some teacher.

Reading Response 1 by: John Wall

Reading Response 1
Throughout my first in FRINQ, we read three assigned readings which for the most part I enjoyed. The readings opened my eyes to some common problems we as students run into today. Colombo talked about the problems with students not being able to think critically and cultural myths. Gato talked about how the problem of boredom in school creates problems and that school doesn’t allow students to explore their interests. While the most recent Freire talked about how the schools sole function of teaching is like a banking account. These all have a common theme of students not being able to reach their full potential in school.
Within the readings Gato and Freire the problem seems to have to be with the teacher and or environment. Due to the practice of how teachers educate students is the idea of banking. As the student sits in class their brain is just to remain an open account while the teacher fills it with information. This is just like a lecture class because if all the students are just listening and not responding they become bored. Both the students and teachers can control this boredom if the teachers would allow the students to question the material and become critical thinkers with Colombo thought students should be able to do.
In conclusion, schools need to force teachers to allow for a more challenging yet open minded environment so that students can become critical thinkers. This would help control the problem of boredom throughout school.

Jordan Bird Reader Response

The reading I choose to do my reading response on was Buffalo gals. I thought this story was a little farfetched but enjoyable. I thought it was a little weird that a girl was in an airplane crash and came out with just a missing eye. I do however like the coyote character. I felt that she was a guiding presence for the young girl, she was caring like a mother but at the same time pushed her to do a lot of stuff on her own like a father would do, for example when they are running to the village the little girl stops a couple times because she is physically unable to keep going but the coyote comes back to push her to keep going. Soon enough they make it to the village with the tiny people and a doctor named Jay heals the young girl’s eye by using pine pitch; which the coyote then says to the girl “That eye looks like shit.” Then the coyote healed her pain once more by licking her face; a very weird relationship in my personal opinion.

When the child decided to sleep in coyote’s house her experience with the flea bed, muddy water, and hanging salmon for food made me think that she was switching the life of a coyote. She was experiencing how to live like a coyote and I believe she adapted quite well with her current circumstances. The scene that struck me in a weird spot was the scene where one of coyotes boyfriends trying to rape the little child. This story was very creepy and interesting at the same time. I am not sure if it’s my particular style that I am used to but it’s good in its own ways.

Reading Response

In reading through Gattos depiction of the educational system it became more and more vividly clear that the system in place may be founded with wrong intention. He points out that what we have all supported and agreed with for so long, may be a distraction for an underlying system. That schools methods are really a system for teaching obedience and conformity. He points out that the school system encourages "fitting in" and "getting by," as well as discouraging leadership and initiative. The system, as he discribes, is founded on previous systems as a means to manage large populations. However throughout the article he does not present a better system, he points out the weaknesses and flaws and provides short term alternatives, not a long term solution. I do agree with the concept Gatto presents, but there has to be a solution for educating and, unfortunately, for managing the masses. Weather we like it our not there has to be a method to the madness, and schooling currently is that method. It does the job well, however it creates casualities, many become lost, confused, or broken (in spirit) due to the system. I do not believe that there is a perfect system, but there are better, and we need to take the information at hand, as Gatto suggested and improve, adjust and redefine the goal of schooling.


Alex Elsberry

The Most Efficient Way of Education in My Eyes -- Responding to AGAINST SCHOOL

In the text, the author mentioned that a lot of kids regard public education as stupid and useless while they prefer to do something "real." However, it seems that they never consider about how can they do anything "real" if they don't even have the basic knowledge of the work they want to do. Currently, plenty of people have misunderstand the purpose of a teacher. From my point of view, a teacher is there to teach kids the theories of different subjects and some experience of doing works in real life, not directly lead them into the "real" work.
Against my opinion, some people may argue that the most efficient way of studying is to really do something rather than just sit down and listen to other people, because the experience of failure will teach students not to make the same mistake again. To some extent, I can't deny that this is true, but on the other hand, too much failure may destroy students' confidence which is quite a negative effect on their future.
Overall, it is absolutely wrong to say that public education is useless. Instead, we may consider that the education system nowadays is somehow not reasonable, which needed to be improved by adding some opportunity of practise doing the real work. In this case of combination both theory education and real experience, kids will feel more interesting when they study because they can have chance to attempt what they have learnt in the boring theory class.

I used to put myself into the animal world. We used to imagine we were animals, because we could be in a different world. We got tired of being people, tired of using hair dryers and shoes and clothes. We pretended we were something else for hours. For some reason, the idea of being in the animal world was intriguing to us—being able to create lives in our imaginations that weren’t human. Then we would return to our human lives, to the televisions and microwaves and bath tubs. LeGuin lets me remember the life that animals have that we might not know about. Terrible as it sounds, animals are so unknown to us. Although they aren’t as needy, developed or “civilized” as humans, they have lives, like us. When people say “pets take sooo much work to take care of” we forget they are alive. She helped put back into perspective the way I remember saying “people” as we pretended we were unicorns, or mermaids at the pool. We were young girls, we did that. LeGuin’s story also captured me in the way the “animals” spoke. Coyote used the word fuck multiple times, and it caught me by surprise when I read it in the dialogue. It also intrigued me how the girl fell from the sky, like she fell out of her world and into the world of the animal kingdom, only the animals were more like people living in a dream. It reminded me of what we used to imagine. I got caught up on wondering what they ate, like the dream salmon mush, but there were so many different kinds of animals, they couldn’t all eat salmon that weren’t really salmon. It also got me how they all had the names of the animals they portrayed, but in their “human” form, and how they resembled the animals they were, like Horse, who had the body and spirit of a stallion, or Coyote, who was wild and unruly—like a coyote. I’ve read LeGuin’s Buffalo Gals before in a class where my teacher worshipped her, but not this story, and it kept my attention until the end, when things got difficult and the story wrapped itself up. I really liked the personas she gave the characters, including the girl who fell from the sky. I also liked how in the very beginning we learn about Coyote throwing her eyes into the tree, like the story of Coyote throwing his eyes into the sky. The way she related the eyes of the Coyote to the missing eye of the girl was well done but there are things that weren’t resolved, like the rocks in the mush pot and why her eye fell out. But we do learn that now the girl has obtained eyes that can see both into the animal world and back into the real world. When she sees the cattle and the ranchers and when Coyote is poisoned are key points to the story I feel. After Coyote’s death, when the girl is discussing the death with the other animals, and Grandmother says “Oh, don’t worry about Coyote! She gets killed all the time.” The story takes on a different tone. The last page is where the story really takes a turn. I liked the way Chickadee tells her to build gardens for her, and Spider tells her not to kill her “or I’ll make it rain…” but it’s sad that she may never see Coyote again. All in all, the story sort of brought back the child in me. It helped me to remember another world, and the story was a good read with a past built into its present.

Believing in Education

After reading the Colombo and Gatto articles I felt like a lost cause. What these two authors were saying was that I was a lost cause. Because I was part of the public education system I am now supposedly not capable of thinking critically. I and many others are testaments to the fact that people can go through the public school system and and turn out able beings. It is human nature to continuely try to improve things, such as the public school system. Anything can be improved but I believe the biggest step towards improving our educational system is to actually believe in it. For anything to succeed one must first believe. Honestly believing in something is something that comes natural to every human being but over time we lose sight of that fact. I believe an article that discusses the topic of believing and how powerful it may be would be much more benficial.

Hindering Critical Thinking

After reading the two articles written by Colombo and Friere, my previous perception of the education system was challenged and as a result adjusted. In Colombo’s article three major points stuck out. Public education has a single purpose of creating or developing an average human to meet the standards of society. Second, speaking from experience he stated that education was boring for both the teacher and student. The greatest point he made however, was in his conclusion where he said that it is up to the parents to teach their child ways of critical thinking. While I wasn’t a fan of the majority of the article, this idea needs to be spread throughout. Despite the fact that our children may spend more time with their teachers than their parents, the parents need to take initiative and be proactive if they want their child to rise above the average human that our education system breads.
In parallel, Friere’s article also speaks of how our current education system hinders creativity. He explains this using the example of a banking system. This states that the student is like a bank account in that the student is always receiving knowledge from the teacher. This is a one way relationship. The teacher teaches and the students only gain. He goes on to say how a better education system would contain a symbiotic student-teacher relationship where the teacher is teaching the student aswell as learning from the student and the student is learning from the teacher aswell as teaching the teacher. For the most part I belive that both student and teacher should ‘know’ their places, it does benefit both sides if student and teacher can keep an open mind with their relationship. Many times I think that the teachers are the only ones aware of this. Students may not even realize the impact of what they said in class or wrote in a paper has on their teacher. I’m quite positive that my perspective will change though because the teacher student relationship is much different in the collegiate atmoshpere. I have yet to come to any epiphanies.

Spencer's Response 1

Spencer McGee
Human/Nature- MacCormack
October 7, 2009
Le Guin and Gatto Response
When I started reading Le Guin I couldn’t figure out whether we were talking about humans or animals. Then I thought about Tuesday’s class and how we discussed what are the main differences between human and animals. As I kept this in mind the characters of Buffalo Gals kept switching between each body. I thought of this as trying to keep humans and animals alike as much as possible.
What I figured out was that we do not need structured education to learn. As I read the child in Buffalo Gals matured as a character. In the beginning she was “blind” in one eye and needed aid. The coyote took the child under her wing and taught the child ways while making connections with other people/animals. This is relevant to Gatto’s essay about the education system. He states that education is boring and allowing too much leeway for student’s activities. I believe what Gatto is trying to say is that us, as students, need adventure and challenges instead of sitting in a classroom all day long.
Bringing it back to Le Guin, the child in the story experienced adventure and important life lessons and was not bored with the education that was experienced. If we could some how make the educational system more exciting and “adventurous” it would be more successful and students would be more active in class.

Buffalo Gals

John Her
October 8, 2009
Human/Nature
Reflection
On this tale, the start was interesting. And why do I say that? It is because it’s ironic that the women’s name is coyote and I automatically thought, “What?” It talked to a child, an injured child. Coyote was actually a human. Therefore, the child had a busted eye. Knowing that it was a child, it was quite shocking how this child handled his pain so well. As the story flowed on it really caught my attention. I actually got engaged into the story. The way coyote and the child survived throughout the story was fascinating to me, it seemed like they never really eat much but until they got their hands on something, they went all out on the food.
What really disgust me in this story was coyote. She was a woman who had good morals except some action she does. The way she does things like how she would poop or pee anywhere was really disturbing. Also after going number two she would talk to the poop as if it was a person. It brings the reputation of coyote down and I how I would think of it. Coyote did take great care of the child and doing the right things for the child but just had some manner issues. She would always swear in front of the child. As they went on their journey, they came across many people. They met Chipmunk which was a lady who was like a mother. The child met Jay who was the doctor. The doctor seemed a little strange to me. Usually you think of doctors as kind and with a nice appearance, but apparently this guy was not. He was a bulky, tall and had huge hands; broad shoulder, a big head, and a short neck which made him look even scarier. Jay eventually help the child with the eye, he inserted a new yellow eye that seem to satisfy the child with her vision. They also came across Horse. Horse was the one who had been nice enough take the child to find her parents. As they go they meet a girl named Chickadee. Chickadee was their scout and so they tagged along with each other. I thought that it was such a coincidence that they would have all these people they came across to be so caring and needy.

Reading Response

I strongly felt what Gatto was saying about the education system which conforms children into fitting in with the dull society. Forced schooling prepares kids to accept being servants and mere followers as adults who accept how things are no matter how wrong and unfavorable it feels to them. Freire as well takes hits at the current education system which he explains as a “banking” system which makes students into data storing machines instead of data interpreters. He makes the claim that banking system blocks the development of a child’s critical thinking abilities as he is simply expected to absorb whatever information is given to him without questioning the logic.

These articles really made me think deep about what kind of a person I would had turned out to be if I was not a part of the “flawed” education system during my childhood.

I really wonder how different our society would be if our education system was completely different. Its hard for me to even guess personally because the only type of schooling i have been a part of has been "banking". Maybe if kids were taught completely differently they might be different individuals as adults than they are now. Would the intelligence level and productivity of all students automatically rise as adults under the new system? Or would the effects just cancel out since even though the education style is better, kids will still have the equal amount of resources provided to them compared to their classmates as with the "inferior" system and the raised competition level will have overall tougher competitors

Colombo and Le Guin

In “Thinking Critically, Challenging Cultural Myths”, Gary Colombo encourages us to go beyond the obvious meanings in day-to-day life. Colombo tells us that in order to think critically, we must explore and question the facts we are given, rather than simply accepting them as true. In order to achieve this, we must be able to look at the world through the perspectives of others. We must be capable of looking beyond our own cultural beliefs and myths, our own ideals. Only by beginning to question our own cultural myths may we learn to think critically by questioning other aspects of our society.

In Ursula Le Guin’s “Buffalo Gals”, we delve into a myth that is far from traditional. In Le Guin’s story, we enter the lives of the animals. We learn about their personal lives, their lovers, and their messy rooms. It is a rare occurrence that we think about the personal lives of the animals in our world. We instead see animals as creatures driven by instinct, acting purely out of their necessity to survive. Le Guin’s piece allows us to think critically by questioning the traditional myths and assumptions we have about animals.

Colombo states, “By questioning the myths that dominate our culture, we can begin to resist the limits they impose on our vision”. Perhaps Le Guin’s intention was to open our eyes to the generalizations we make about animals on a daily basis, encouraging us to think critically about their true impact on our lives and our world.

Gatto, Colombo, and Paulo Freire

While reading the essays I'd have to say the one I enjoyed and agreed with the most was John Gatto, he was very relate able and all of his points, from my experience, were spot on. He explains that both the teachers and the students are at fault, he mentions that both the "students and teachers as virtual factories of childishness". To me this statement is very significant, the children are bored and the teachers typically aren't interested in what they are talking about and as a result the children don't learn and the the teacher gets frustrated, which is childish and makes it a bad learning experience. Being bored in school or with life breeds laziness which effects how well the student will do when he "gets out in the real world" as they say. He also touches on the fact that teachers hands are tied, the school board and other forces make it hard for them to teach in a style more engaging for the teacher and the student. Paulo Freire's essay was very strong and analytical, almost as if he was speaking about his topic from a distance and in metaphors. One of his comments I liked was the students "tend simply to adapt to the world as it is and to the fragmented view of reality deposited in them". I strongly agree with this, in school you are separated from the world and how it works; it's like the military, the military is a way of life and then there is the civilian life. Students are not exposed to the hurdles of life, they are not even prepared for it; what a company wants, how to apply for a job, etc..All in all I think that Colombo, Gatto, and Freire all made very good points but I think Gatto's was the most agreeable for me.

On the Pedagogy of the Oppressed

Of the articles we have read Paulo Freire’s Pedagogy of the Oppressed formed the greatest argument and solution to the problem of education. Similar to the other readings Freire had rejected the current idea of fact based teachings. Instead he encouraged this idea of problem posing teaching.

Freire is correct in his assumption that banking education turns people into “containers” and “receptacles.” By educating our youth this way we are oppressing them from their potential and simply forcing them to integrate into society. But he says one thing that I do not agree with. He says in order for the problem posing technique to be truly successful the banking method must never be used. An idea which I find impossible if not at least improbable, every student needs a foundation of facts and statistics to better form his thoughts when placed in a problem posing situation. If students are given no tangible basis for their opinion you will find them in class unable to create a sound argument.

After the initial teachings of facts and statistics in the old banking style it is then that the problem posing style should be implemented. It seems to me that we go through schooling with a similar time line to the one I outlined. Although, problem posing teaching is implemented later then I would assume useful. High school gave me an introduction to problem posing teaching, but college has thrown students head first into class discussions, and with only about four years of school left, the banking method has poisoned our minds too deeply. I agree with Freire’s arguments towards education but I feel such one sidedness should be reconsidered.

Kyle E.